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Exploring Africa's Physical and Cultural Geography Using GIS
Activity 4 -- Plate Boundaries, Earthquakes and Volcanoes
The Earth is formed of several layers that have very different physical and chemical properties. The outer layer, which averages about 70 kilometers in thickness, consists of about a dozen large, irregularly shaped plates that slide over, under and past each other on top of the partly molten inner layer. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the plates meet. In fact, the locations of earthquakes and the kinds of ruptures they produce help scientists define the plate boundaries.In this exercise, you will examine the location and patterns of plate boundaries, earthquakes, and volcanoes for the world. You will add the continents, plate boundaries, earthquakes, and volcanoes to a view. You will also change the symbols representing these features.
| Step 1 | Start ArcView and start a project
Open ArcView GIS by accessing: Choose the project that you have been working on: |
| Step 2 | Add a View to the project
Add a view by clicking on the Views icon and the New button in the project (currently Untitled) window. |
| Step 3 | Rename the View
Choose Properties from the View pulldown menu, and rename the view to "Plate Boundaries, Earthquakes and Volcanoes". |
| Step 4 | Set the Working Directory
In this activity, you will be creating new files. You will want to save your work to a directory on your hard drive. To change the default directory, click File and choose Set Working Directory from the pulldown menu. Type the path to the directory where you will save your work. |
| Step 5 | Save the project
Make the project (currently Untitled) window active. |
| Step 6 | Add Continents, Plate Boundaries, Earthquakes and Volcanoes to the view
Click the Add Theme Click the Add Theme plates.shp file = plate boundaries for the world. Click on plates.shp and hold down the Apple or Star key and click on the continent.shp to add these themes to the view. |
| Step 7 | Rename the themes
The earthquakes.shp, continent.shp, and plates.shp themes appear in the view's table of contents. Make the earthquakes.shp theme active by clicking on its name (i.e., its name appears raised). Follow the same procedure to rename the volcanoes.shp theme to Volcanoes. |
| Step 8 | Make the Continents fill pattern transparent
To make the continents shape transparent, double-click on the theme's name to bring up the Legend Editor. |
| Step 9 | Change the size and color of symbol for the Earthquakes theme
Double-click on the Earthquakes theme and click on the thumbtack icon to bring up the Marker Palette |
| Step 10 | Change the size, color and type of symbol for the Volcanoes theme
Double-click on the Volcanoes theme and click on the thumbtack icon to bring up the Marker Palette |
| Step 11 | Change the size and color of symbol for the Plate Boundaries theme
Double-click on the Plate Boundaries theme and click on the pencil icon to bring up the Pen Palette |
| Step 12 | Arrange the Themes in the View window
Arrange the themes in your view window in the following order: You can change the order of the themes by dragging a theme. This is accomplished by clicking on the theme and holding down the mouse and dragging the box that appears until the theme is in the proper order. |
| Step 13 | Display the Themes in the View
Click on the raised box to the left of the Theme names to make a check mark and see the coverages displayed in the View window. You may want to turn the volcanoes theme off to view the earthquakes and then turn the earthquakes theme off to view the volcanoes. You may need to maximize or resize the ArcView window and the View window to see the entire view. |
| Step 14 | Query a Particular Point in the View
Make the Earthquakes theme active by clicking on its name. Click on the Information button |
| Step 15 | Open the theme table and sort on a particular field
Make the Earthquakes theme active by clicking on its name. Click on one of the fields in the first record or line of data. The corresponding point should be highlighted in yellow in the view window. To highlight several earthquakes, hold down the Apple or Star key and select all the records with magnitudes of 8.7 to 8.9. |
| Step 16 | Save the project again
Make the project YourTeamName.apr window active. |
Note: You may want to turn the volcanoes theme off to view the earthquakes. Then turn the volcanoes theme on and turn the earthquakes theme off to view the volcanoes.
| Question 1 | Where are the majority of the earthquakes in the world located in relationship to the plate boundaries? Why? |
| Question 2 | Where are most of the earthquakes in Africa located in relationship to the plate boundaries? |
| Question 3 | A rift zone is where a continent is believed to be spreading apart, but not on a plate boundary. A rift zone causes magma to rise to the surface and erupt in a line of volcanoes. Based on this information, in what African countries is the rift zone located? |
| Question 4 | Compare the location of the plate boundaries and earthquakes along the coast of Africa and along the coasts of North and South America. Do you think this affects the risk from earthquakes to people in North and South America compared with Africa? Why? |
| Question 5 | Using the procedures explained in Step 14, determine when (Year) and where (Country) the largest magnitude earthquake occurred? |
| Question 6 | Where are the majority of the volcanoes in the world located in relationship to the plate boundaries? Why? |
| Question 7 | Using the procedures explained in Step 14, determine which volcano is the highest in Africa (has the largest Elevation). Hint: Sort one of the fields in the Volcanoes Theme Table in descending order. |
| Think About | Notice the location of volcanoes in Africa in relationship to the plate boundaries. |
*** End of Activity 4 ***